Dynamic and condenser microphones essentially serve the same purpose, however they have very different characteristics which set them apart from each-other.
Dynamic Microphones
Dynamic microphones are commonly used outdoors for events like gigs and performances as well as being used for interviews and media events that might be used outside. This is because Dynamic microphones are significantly less sensitive that condenser microphones and thus behave differently in built up and/or noisy areas.
Condenser Microphones
Condenser microphones are more commonly used indoors, they are much more sensitive than dynamic microphones and because of this, they are used for recordings for voice-overs, song recordings and other pre-recorded media. A dynamic microphone can be walked around with and still function, whereas a condenser microphone cannot, they must be idle and require a constant phantom power source to function.
Boom Microphones
Boom microphones are used in film for scenes involving multiple people or just one person. Boom microphones are put on boom stands and while being close enough to pick up on the sound coming from the scene without being in the scene and intruding on the shot.
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